Fr. Stephen Freeman
Glory 2 God for all things
I am often puzzled by the things theologians say about
“righteousness.” First, there are a striking number of different
treatments. That alone should tell anyone that we are standing on the
ground of “theory” rather than knowledge when we hear pronouncements
about the word. It is, of course, an important word. “Seek first the
Kingdom of God and its righteousness…,” Christ commands in the Sermon on
the Mount. I think I know what that means to a Lutheran or an
Evangelical. I know what it means to NT Wright. But, none of what I see
in them really makes a lot of sense in the context of the Sermon on the
Mount. I am going to suggest something different. You may, of course,
consider this just one more theory. So be it.
There is a great theme of righteousness in the Old Testament. To a
certain extent, it can be described as a “proper balance,” or “things
being in their right place, order and amount.” Most of the judgments
that concerned normal people in their daily lives (apart from matters of
ritual) were oriented around property, income, debt, and daily needs.
The great “engine” of the Israelite economy (according to the Law) was
the Law of the Sabbath and the Jubilee Year.
If we look at a simple rule we can see this in play. “Do not muzzle
an ox who is treading out the grain.” It means, if your ox is being used
to drive the mill wheel that is grinding the wheat, you may not prevent
them from having some opportunity to munch the wheat that is falling at
their feet. Why? It’s quite simple. You have a lot of wheat, and you
shouldn’t begrudge an animal a small share. After all, it’s that
animal’s sweat that is making your grain palatable. To greedily prevent
the animal from its share is unrighteous. It is an improper balance and
exploitation of a beast.
This, of course, is an example that involves only an animal. But the
principle is constant throughout the Law and the Prophets. The Jubilee
cancels debts and restores the land to its proper owner (and this is a
“righteous” judgment).
When we come to the New Testament, Jesus repeatedly speaks of debts
being canceled, of the deliverance of the poor, of the rich being in
danger. When He offers a parable about the Judgment, it is about
sharing: food, clothing, care, and concern. The one who shares with the
one who is in need is counted “righteous.”
This, I think, points to a proper (and rather simple) meaning of the
term. It is not just some form of “social justice.” There is something
more cosmic and eschatological about it. Wherever the Kingdom comes, its
“righteousness” is made manifest. What does that look like? Christ
described it to the disciples of John:
Jesus answered and said to them, “Go and tell John the
things you have seen and heard: that the blind see, the lame walk, the
lepers are cleansed, the deaf hear, the dead are raised, the poor have
the gospel preached to them. (Lk. 7:22)
These are all cases of people who live in a deficit (while others
live in a surfeit). When the Kingdom is made manifest, things are set
right: its righteousness is made manifest. But its coming is of a
supernatural character. There is a moral component: we are taught to
behave in a manner towards others that “sets things right.” We are told
to do to others what we would want to be done to us. And then, because
of the abundance of the Kingdom, we are told to do more than that. We
give even to those who will not give in return. This is righteousness.
There is an inner righteousness. For the Kingdom of God is
not a mere set of moral actions. It is also an inner transformation,
where we not only “do” righteousness, but “become” righteous. That inner
work is also the “setting right” of things. We were created in the
image and likeness of God, but have become debtors to sin. Spiritually,
we have become poor and are unable to overcome our hateful sin-master.
God’s gift to us becomes an abiding Jubilee, abolishing the debt of sin
and restoring us to our right place before Him.
However we might think of righteousness (perhaps as the Divine
Energies), it has this characteristic of “setting right,” of putting
things back in their proper place. Human beings were created to be the
very image of God, but became enslaved to sin. In the pattern of our
salvation, the Rich became poor, that we (the poor) might become rich.
God became what we are that we might become what He is. His
righteousness is His love.
While fasting with the body, brethren, let us also
fast in spirit. Let us loose every bond of iniquity; let us undo the
knots of every contract made by violence; let us tear up all unjust
agreements; let us give bread to the hungry and welcome to our house the
poor who have no roof to cover them, that we may receive great mercy
from Christ our God.
Stichera on “Lord, I Call” for Wednesday of the First Week of Great Lent