Κυριακή 14 Ιουνίου 2020

De Pâques à la Pentecôte

 
Ανάστασις ουν Χριστού η ημετέρα υπάρχει ανάστασις»
1. La période Pentecostale (*)

Le mot "Pentecôte" signifie "cinquantième," et il est utilisé pour désigner le grand événement de la Descente du Saint Esprit (Epiphoitesis) sur les Apôtres et l'Église le 50ème jour après la Résurrection du Christ, et 10ème jour après Son Ascension au Ciel.

Avant Sa Passion, le Seigneur avait parlé à Ses disciples du don du Saint Esprit, qu'ils devaient recevoir après l'Ascension. Les détails sont rapportés dans l'Évangile de saint Jean : "Je demanderai au Père de vous envoyer le Saint Esprit, Qui vous défendra et sera toujours avec vous" (Jn 14,16). Il dit aussi "Le Saint Esprit ne saurait venir avant que Je ne sois parti. Mais après Mon départ, Je vous enverrai l'Esprit" (Jn 16,7). Après Sa Résurrection, le Seigneur apparut aux disciples et leur dit : "Recevez l'Esprit Saint" (Jn 20,22). C'était un avant-goût de la Descente (Epiphoitesis) survenue le Dimanche de Pentecôte.

Vers la fin de l'Évangile de saint Luc, le Christ dit à Ses disciples : "Je vais envoyer sur vous ce que Mon Père a promis. Vous autres, restez en ville jusqu'à ce que vous soyez revêtus d'une force d'en-haut" (Lc 24,49). C'est cependant dans les Actes d'Apôtres que saint Luc parle de l'accomplissement de cette promesse. "Le jour de la Pentecôte étant arrivé, ils se trouvaient tous réunis. Soudain retentit du ciel un fracas semblable à celui d'une bourrasque de vent et ce bruit remplit toute la maison où ils étaient assis. Alors ils virent paraître comme des langues de feu qui, se partageant, vinrent se poser sur chacun d'eux. Ils furent tous remplis du Saint-Esprit, et se mirent à parler des langues étrangères selon que l'Esprit leur donnait de s'exprimer" (Actes 2,1-4).
Depuis les temps anciens, la période de 50 jours allant de Pâques à la Pentecôte a été appelée Pentecôte, du fait de ce qui commença avec le Seigneur soufflant le Saint Esprit sur Ses disciples, et qui se consomma avec la pleine descente de l'Esprit sur les disciples et l'Église toute entière. Alors, l'Église était pleinement née et commença à croître.

 
Pendant cette période, tout jeûne et agenouillement est interdit, comme confession tangible de la Résurrection du Christ. Ce n'est en fait que le jour même de la Pentecôte que l'agenouillement est repris, et il est lié à un Office spécial d'agenouillement (akolouthia gonyklesias), qui consiste en prières pour le don du Saint Esprit, d'où le nom de "Jour de l'Agenouillement" donné à la Pentecôte (tes gonatistes).

Par la suite, une autre semaine fut ajoutée à ces 50 jours, afin de célébrer l'après-fête (methorta) de la Fête de la Pentecôte. Ainsi, de nos jours, la période de Fêtes mobiles après Pâques s'étend sur 8 semaines, pour comprendre le Dimanche de la Toussaint (Agion Panton), et est divisée en 3 parties:

a. Les 40 jours de l'après-Fête de Pâques
b. La Fête de l'Ascension, en plus de sa période de post-Fête
c. La Fête de la Pentecôte, avec sa propre période d'après-Fête.

Les hymnes de cette période sont reprises dans un livre spécial, appelé le Pentecostaire ou Pentekostarion.

2. Dimanche des Femmes Myrophores  


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Nous avons déjà parlé de la Semaine Radieuse (Diakainesimos) et du Dimanche de saint Thomas (1er dimanche après Pâques). Le second dimanche après Pâques est appelé Dimanche des Myrophores (Kyriake ton Myroforon). Il est dédié aux femmes qui apportèrent la myrrhe au Tombeau du Christ. Il est aussi dédié aux disciples secrets du Seigneur, Joseph d'Arimathie et Nicodème, qui organisèrent et assistèrent aux funérailles du Seigneur. Ceci est clairement commémoré dans la lecture de l'Évangile du jour (Mc 15,43-16,8).
Les Myrophores, nous les identifions d'après les saints Évangiles comme étant Marie-Madeleine, Marie mère de Jacques et Josué (aussi appelée Marie de Clopas), Jeanne épouse de Chouza, garde d'Hérode Antipas, Salomé, mère des fils de Zébédée, et Suzanne.


Joseph d'Arimathie, une ville de Judée, était riche et noble, et membre du Sanhédrin, le conseil municipal à Jérusalem. Il était un de ceux qui n'avaient pas acquiescé à la décision du conseil contre le Christ. Il fut aussi celui qui osa courageusement demander le Corps du Christ à Ponce Pilate (Mt 27,57-60; Mc 15,42-47; Lc 23,50-56, Jn 19,38-42).

Nicodème était un dirigeant Juif, un Pharisien, qui était fort versé dans les Écritures et avait rendu une visite nocturne au Christ (Jn 3,1-21; Jn 19,39-42).
Toutes ces saintes personnes nous démontrent clairement que des gens de tous les états de vie peuvent être disciples du Seigneur, jusqu'à jouir du privilège de prendre soin de Son Corps et devenir les premiers témoins de la puissante Résurrection du Seigneur.

3. Dimanches du Paralytique, de la Samaritaine, et de l'Aveugle-né,

tels sont les noms des 3 dimanches qui suivent. Ils sont ainsi appelés du fait des péricopes évangéliques et hymnes qui leurs sont attribués. Les événements commémorés en toutes ces fêtes démontrent tous la divine autorité, identité et puissance du Christ, qui seront ensuite pleinement révélées par Sa Résurrection.
La guérison du paralytique à la piscine de Bethesda ou Bethsaida (Jn 5,1-18) montre l'autorité du Christ sur le Sabbat, car ce fut un jour de Sabbat qu'Il guérit le paralytique.

La conversation du Seigneur avec la Samaritaine au Puits de Jacob près de Sichar (Jn 4,3-42) atteint son sommet lorsque le Seigneur dévoile Son identité : "(Le Christ,) Je le Suis, Moi Qui te parle" (Jn 4,26). A la fin du récit, les Samaritains déclarent ouvertement "Nous en sommes certains, Il est le Sauveur du monde" (Jn 4,42). 


 
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Et pour finir, la guérison de l'aveugle de naissance (Jn 9,1-41) démontre la puissance divine du Christ et le fait qu'Il vint de Dieu : "C'est la première fois dans l'histoire que quelqu'un a pu donner la vue à un aveugle de naissance. Jésus n'aurait pu faire cela, à moins qu'Il ne vienne de Dieu" (Jn 9,32).
 

4. Mi-Pentecôte

Le mercredi après le Dimanche du Paralytique tombe exactement au milieu des 50 jours de la période de Pentecôte, et par conséquent, est appelé Mi-Pentecôte (Mesopentekoste). C'est un jour de Fête, et selon une ancienne coutume, il tient sa signification de l'Évangile qui lui est prescrit (Jn 7,14-30). Cette péricope évangélique rapporte le discours que le Seigneur adressa dans le Temple, au milieu de la fête des Tabernacles (Skenopegias), qui expliquait Son autorité sur le Sabbat en des termes d'origine divine, tant de Son enseignement que de Son existence. Au centre de ceci, on trouve les paroles du Seigneur adressées au peuple de Jérusalem : "Je ne viens pas de Moi-même. Celui Qui M'a envoyé est véridique, et vous ne Le connaissez pas. Mais Je connais Celui Qui M'a envoyé, parce que Je viens de Lui" (Jn 7,28). Aussi cruciales sont les paroles exclamées par le Seigneur au dernier jour de la Fête, anticipant la Descente de l'Esprit à la Pentecôte : "Si quelqu'un a soif, qu'il vienne à Moi, et qu'il boive celui qui croit en Moi; l'Écriture le dit: 'De son sein jailliront des fleuves d'eau vive" (Jn 7,37). Les hymnes de cette Fête rappellent les miracles du Seigneur, qui démontrent Sa divinité, et exhortent les Chrétiens à "garder fermement les Commandements du Seigneur, afin de devenir dignes de célébrer Son Ascension et de participer au don du Saint Esprit" (Doxastikon ton Ainon). 


5. Le Retour de Pâques
 

Le mercredi après le Dimanche de l'Aveugle-Né (6ème dimanche après Pâques), nous célébrons le Retour (apodosis) ou achèvement de la période de post-fête de Pâques. Les Offices du jour, qui comportent une Liturgie pascale, sont chantés de manière identique à ceux de la Semaine Radieuse. C'est le 39ème jour après Pâques, la veille de l'Ascension, quand nous chantons à nouveau l'Hymne de la Résurrection, Christos Anesti, et échangeons les salutations de la Résurrection pour la dernière fois de l'année.

6. L'Ascension 


 
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Le lendemain, qui est le 40ème jour après Pâques, nous commémorons l'Ascension du Seigneur au Ciel. La fête de l'Ascension (Analipseos- est explicitement mentionnée au 4ème siècle, mais ses origines remontent plus que probablement aux siècles précédents. Un ancien manuel d'église, les Constitutions Apostoliques, en donnent le commentaire suivant : "Comptant à nouveau 40 jours après le premier Dimanche, vous devez célébrer depuis le Dimanche jusqu'au Mardi la Fête de l'Ascension du Seigneur, quand Il y accomplit toute l'économie et le projet de notre Salut, montant auprès de Dieu le Père, Qui L'avait envoyé, et S'assis à la droite de la Puissance pour attendre que Ses ennemis soient placés sous Ses pieds" (Livre 5, ch. 20).

La Fête de l'Ascension, alors, marque l'achèvement et le scellement de l'oeuvre du Seigneur sur terre, de même que l'ascension de la nature humaine au Ciel, et par conséquent, cela annonce la venue du Don du Saint Esprit à la Pentecôte. Elle est célébrée jusqu'au vendredi de la semaine qui s'ouvre, quand elle est clôturée.

La signification de l'Ascension du Seigneur est aussi liée à Son éternelle prêtrise. L'épître aux Hébreux résume cela comme suit : "Nous avons un Pontife Suprême, Qui est monté au Ciel, Jésus, le Fils de Dieu" (Heb. 4,14)... "Jésus est entré pour nous comme un avant-coureur, pontife pour l'éternité selon l'ordre de Melchisédech" (Heb. 6,20) "Tandis que Celui-ci, vivant éternellement, possède un sacerdoce perpétuel. C'est pourquoi il Lui est possible de parachever le Salut de ceux qui vont à Dieu par Lui, car Il est toujours vivant pour intercéder en leur faveur" (Heb. 7,24-26). "Il est éternellement le suprême Pontife parfait" (Heb. 7,28)... "qui siège à la droite sur le grand Trône de Dieu au Ciel" (8,1).


7. Dimanche des Saints Pères 




D'ici

Ce dimanche, qui se trouve au milieu de la période festive de l'Ascension (7ème dimanche après Pâques) est dédié aux 318 saints pères du Premier Concile Oecuménique, qui a eu lieu à Nicée en 325. Il est par conséquent appelé Dimanche des Saints Pères (Ton Pateron).

L'Évangile du jour reprend la Prière Sacerdotale du Seigneur pour l'unité des Chrétiens, telle qu'on la trouve en Jean 17,1-13. L'Église a décidé la commémoration des Pères en ce dimanche précis parce que les Synodes des éparchies, qui étaient convoqués pour s'occuper de diverses affaires locales, se réunissaient habituellement pendant la période pentecostale.

Successeurs des Apôtres, les Pères ont gardé la Foi apostolique par leurs enseignements. Le kondakion de la Fête l'exprime très clairement et avec éloquence : "Le message des Apôtres et l'enseignement des Pères saints, pour l'Église affermissent l'unité de la Foi; portant la tunique de vérité tissée par la céleste révélation, elle dispense fidèlement et fortifie le grand mystère de la Foi."

Le samedi veille de la Pentecôte est un "samedi des âmes" (Psychosabbaton), et des prières sont offertes pour ceux qui se sont endormis éternellement, afin qu'ils puissent eux aussi être dignes par nos prières de recevoir le don de la Pentecôte, qui est commémoré le lendemain.

8. Dimanche de la Pentecôte 

 

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La Fête Chrétienne de la Pentecôte correspond à la fête juive qui porte le même nom, et au cours de laquelle ils offraient les premiers fruits des nouvelles récoltes d'Israël à Dieu (Protogennemata).

La Fête Chrétienne commémore les premiers fruits de la prédication des Apôtres, qui suivirent la Descente du Saint Esprit sur eux au jour de la Pentecôte, Descente suite à laquelle naquit la première Église Chrétienne, commençant avec 3.000 âmes. Depuis cette Pentecôte, l'Esprit demeure dans l'Église et règle la vie et la croissance de l'Église. L'Esprit fait de la totalité de l'Église le Corps uni du Christ. En Consolateur (Paracletos), Il est le gage du retour du Christ, et de la victoire finale avec tout le Corps du Christ.

La célébration de cette fête remonte aux temps apostoliques. Selon l'ancienne coutume, les catéchumènes étaient baptisés en cette occasion, et dès lors, et même de nos jours, on ne chante pas le Trisagion pendant la Liturgie. En lieu et place, on chante le verset paulinien "Vous tous qui avez été baptisés en Christ, vous avez revêtu le Christ." Les Vêpres de ce jour, suivant immédiatement après la Divine Liturgie, sont à noter particulièrement du fait de la longue supplique à genoux, qui est dite au début. Cette supplique est la première d'une série qui suivront après la Fête, ayant été suspendues auparavant pendant la période pentecostale.

La Pentecôte est célébrée tout au long de la semaine et se clôture le dimanche suivant. Le lundi de la période d'après-fête se distingue des autres jours de d'après-fête parce qu'il est dédié au Saint Esprit (Deftera tou Agiou Pneumatos). Les Offices du jour suivent le schéma du Dimanche de Pentecôte célébré la veille. On ne jeûne pas pendant la semaine qui suit la Pentecôte.

L'hymne doxastikon du jour est une prière bien connue, par laquelle la plupart des Offices de l'Église commencent, et qui est utilisée par nombre de Chrétiens Orthodoxes comme première prière pour chaque jour : "Roi Céleste, Consolateur, Esprit de Vérité, Toi Qui es partout présent et Qui remplis tout, Trésor de biens et Donateur de Vie, viens et demeures en nous, purifie-nous de toute souillure et sauve nos âmes, Toi Qui es Bonté." 


D'ici
9. Dimanche de la Toussaint (ou de Tous les saints)

Le dimanche après la Pentecôte est appelé Dimanche de la Toussaint. C'est une très ancienne fête, mentionnée fin du 4ème siècle, et elle semble avoir été à l'origine instituée comme fête en l'honneur de tous les martyrs.

L'Église a toujours honoré les martyrs. Cependant, puisque l'honneur rendu aux martyrs était à l'origine une question locale, nombre des martyrs nous sont inconnus, et c'est probablement la raison pour laquelle une telle fête fut instituée, en l'honneur de tous les martyrs, connus et inconnus. Cette fête fut placée de manière tout à fait appropriée après la Pentecôte, parce que l'Église est abreuvée et croît à travers le témoignage et le sang des martyrs. Par la suite, lorsque l'Église honora d'autres défunts comme saints, à côté des martyrs, la fête mobile après Pâques acquis un caractère plus général, et se transforma en fête en l'honneur de tous les saints.

10. Fête des saints Apôtres

Le lundi après le dimanche de la Toussaint, on jeûne pour la fête des saints Apôtres. A l'origine, c'était une semaine de jeûne, comme explicitement mentionné dans les Constitutions Apostoliques (livre 5, ch. 20). Par la suite, elle fut reliée à la fête des saints Apôtres (29-30 juin), et fut étendue à toute la période qui va du lundi après le dimanche de la Toussaint jusqu'au 28 juin.


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(*) Notes: Toutes les fêtes mentionnées ci-dessus ont déjà fait l'objet d'un article circonstancié, d'homélies, etc, sur le blog Saint-Materne. Vous les retrouverez dans le menu en marge de gauche, via le menu semestriel.

Τhe Sunday of All Saints (Sunday after Pentecost)

Sunday of All Saints: a Sermon by Archbishop Andrew (Rymarenko)

"...Just look at the murals of our church and you will see: martyrs, confessors, ascetics, fools for Christ, educated people, simple people, rich, poor, bishops, monastics, lay people. This is the Heavenly Church. She is all-embracing, and she is filled up by the earthly, Militant Church!"
Brothers and sisters! Last week the Holy Church placed flowers in our hands, as if saying to us: See how soulless nature is obedient to its Creator. Starting with the days of Christmas, the earth has been turning toward the sun, which began to bestow upon the earth its life-giving warmth. And nature does not prove itself ungrateful toward its Creator. In answer to His caress, she has produced this glorious beauty, these flowers, and further on, will produce fruits. And what about us? In answer to the spiritual warmth of God’s Grace, so abundantly poured out on us, do we bring to our Creator spiritual beauty, flowers, fruits of virtues? 
After all, He became Man for our sake, died for us, rose for us, ascended into Heaven in order to send down to us His Holy Spirit. And what about us? Is not this beauty of nature around us a reproach to our conscience? Let us answer honestly. Yes, it is. But more than this, we want to justify our negligence, our ingratitude. The commandments of Christ are wonderful, we say; and if people would begin to fulfill them, then the whole earth would be transformed into a wonderful divine garden. But is this possible for weak human strength? And here this Sunday, the Sunday of All the Saints, answers this question loudly so that the whole world hears: Yes, it is possible.
All the saints being remembered today followed the example of Christ. And all of them in their time, in their circumstances of life, fulfilled God’s commandment of love of God and neighbor. Occasionally their times were difficult, maybe more difficult than ours; and not infrequently their circumstances in life were more dangerous in spiritual terms, and often in worldly terms were worse than ours. But they still proceeded, struggled, and reached the abodes on high where they now triumph.


Just look at the murals of our church and you will see them: martyrs, confessors, ascetics, fools for Christ, educated people, simple people, rich, poor, bishops, monastics, lay people. This is the Heavenly Church. She is all-embracing, and she is filled up by the earthly, Militant Church. There is room for each of us there. This is what today’s Apostle reading tells us: “Wherefore seeing we also are compassed about with so great a cloud of witnesses, let us lay aside every weight, and the sin which doth so easily beset us, and let us run with patience the race that is set before us, looking unto Jesus the author and finisher of our faith” (Heb. 12:1-2). 
Just think: all of these saints were live people like us. And like us, all of them were different people; and their paths were different. But all of them, absolutely all, had three qualities which they all possessed identically. These qualities are pointed out to us in today’s Gospel. They are obligatory for everyone, and this means for us, too; we cannot escape them. 
Here they are: ‘Whosoever therefore shall confess Me before men, him will I confess also before My Father, which is in heaven” (Mt. 10:32). This is the first thing. Don’t you feel, brothers, how important this is for us modern-day people? Why, the whole world around us as if asks us: “Are you Christian or one of ours?” We cannot leave this question unanswered. In our speech, our actions, our thoughts and feelings (for our feelings are somehow passed on to the others), we must answer loud and firm: “Yes, I am a Christian!”
Here is the second: “He that loveth father or mother more than Me is not worthy of Me: and he that loveth son or daughter more than Me, is not worthy of Me” (Mt. 10:37). Here and now, the Lord demands from you and me this all-consuming love – to love Him more than everyone and everything. And only through this love for Him will we really be able to love our relatives, strangers, and even our enemies.


Finally the third: “And he that taketh not his cross, and followeth after Me, is not worthy of Me” (Mt. 10:38). This instance does not even require explanation. Each of us has his own sorrows and difficulties in life; they are personal for each of us. It is difficult, burdensome, but such is our life; and this means, such is the Will of God for us.
Let us thank the Lord even for this cross! Without it we cannot be saved. And the Lord wants all of us to be saved, and to be united into one Triumph with all the Saints, whom we are glorifying today.

Source: Orthodox word

 
African Orthodox Church & Caucasian Mountains: Bishop Innocentios of Burundi and Rwanda, on the feastday of St. Nina, the Enlightener of Georgia, in a Pilgrimage Chapel near the borders of Armenia and Turkey (more here). 
 

Τετάρτη 10 Ιουνίου 2020

Baptism by the Holy Spirit in the New Testament (Digital book)

 

 Scriptural evidence, step-by-step, of the Baptism by the Holy Spirit, the gifts bestowed, and a Christian's overall spiritual path, as delivered from the Apostolic era through to our time.  A book that responds to the Pentecostals' positions and elucidates the true opus of the Holy Spirit within the Church.



INTRODUCTION

1. Preparing for the “baptism by the Holy Spirit”, the “Promise of the Father”.

2. The “Promise of the Father” : the “Gift of the Holy Spirit”.

3. The “Promise of the Spirit” to the “reborn sons” of God.

4. The “Spirit of the Promise” cries out in the heart of the son.

5. Rebirth : Baptism in water and in the Holy Spirit.

6. The “Holy Spirit of the Promise” : the “Seal”, the “Betrothal ring”, and the “Chrism”.

7. The mute sighs of the Spirit in the hearts of the sons.

8. The worship of God “in the Spirit”.

9. The one who "speaks in tongues", “in the Spirit”.

10. The species of tongues - what "glossolalia" involves

11. The difference between “interpretation”, “prophecy” and “tongues”.

12. The “tongues” are manifested “in the Spirit”, mutely inside the heart.

13. One thing to “speak in other tongues” and another to “utter”.

14. The species of tongues, are incessantly manifested.

15. The speakers of tongues in the Holy Bible are called: “sons of God”.

16. Before the heart is activated "in the Spirit", a "son" does not differ from a "servant"

17. The "unbeliever" and the "idiotes" (Greek for private / lay person)

18. Enlightenment a. The sons of God are those being enlightened. b. The sons of God: sons of the Light. c. The son with the cleansed heart becomes enlightened. d. "Enlightenment" takes place in the hearts where the Holy Spirit dwells, in the sons of God. e. The "enlightened" ones are the "inheritors"; that is, the "sons of God" f. Enlightenment is: the Promise given to Abraham for his inheritors, and the Realm of the Saints. g. Enlightenment is: the "Life" that the Lord gives. h. Enlightenment is: "God's glory".

19. The enlightenment of a Christian occurs, with the entry of Christ the Divine Logos in his heart.

20. Towards perfection.

21. “Awareness”.

22. The term: “in the likeness of”.

23. “Spiritual Life” and “Spiritual Death”.

24. “Friends of God”.

25. The “fulfilment of Godhood”.

26. The Grace of God.

27. The age of the saints.

EPILOGUE

Translation: KN 

In Greek
Digital Books 

Κυριακή 7 Ιουνίου 2020

God the Holy Trinity: ‘The Lover of Mankind’ (& the "depiction of God" in Orthodox Church)



God in Trinity - A Communion of Persons
 
From here & here
 
We Orthodox Christians believe in a Trinitarian God. God is not an isolated being, but communion and love. He is Father, Son and Holy Spirit; He is not one Person but three. Between the Father, Son and Holy Spirit there exists a pre-eternal communion of love. This does not imply, however, that we Christians believe in three Gods, but in One. There is but one divine essence and it is indivisible. This is why we speak of one God in Trinity. The unique source of the one divine essence is the Father. He it is who transmits pre-eternally, (icpoai-ωρίως) i.e. without beginning, existence to the Son through pre-eternal generation, and to the Holy Spirit, through pre-eternal procession.
Here we must note that in the Orthodox Church "procession" is contrasted to "sending". The Holy Spirit proceeds pre-eternally from the Father alone. "In time" (temporally) He is sent from the Son for the salvation of man. In other words a distinction is made between the pre-eternal transmission of the divine essence from the Father, and the Divine Economy, i.e. the mystery of man's salvation (John 15,26). The Orthodox Church does not accept the so-called "Filioque", the teaching that the Holy Spirit proceeds "and from the Son".
Our faith in the Triune God is not a man-made discovery, but revelation from God. He who is unap­proachable for man, reveals Himself to man and becomes approachable.
Already in the Old Testament the Triune God appears as the Creator of man and the entire world. He is created not by the Father alone, but from the Father through the Son and is perfected "in the Holy Spirit", with one will and one energy. "In the beginning God created the Heaven and the earth...and the spirit of God was moving over the face of the water", the Old Testa­ment tells us characteristically, using in Hebrew the word Elohim for God, which is a plural form. And for the creation of man God spoke and said: "let us make man according to our image and likeness" (Gen. 1,26).
 
We confess that there is only one will and one energy for the three Persons of the Holy Trinity. The Father wills and acts those things which the Son and the Holy Spirit will and act. Many passages in Holy Scrip­ture manifest the unity of will and energy of the divine Persons which make up the One and Trinitarian God. That is why they are characterized as "Lord" (Kyrios), "The Lord God" or even " The Lord Pantocrator" (Almighty). These characteristics are at times attributed to the Father, at other times to the Son and at other times to the Holy Spirit. Thus, the "Lord" whom Isaiah saw (Isaiah 6,1-10) is, according to John 12,36-41, the Son, while according to Acts 28,25-27, the Holy Spirit.
This Trinitarian faith is expressed by Orthodox Christians by the manner in which they baptize and in the way they glorify God: they are baptized "in the Name of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit" (Mtth. 28,19) and they glorify the Triune God: "glory to the Father, Son and Holy Spirit". Orthodox Christians then are baptized in the way that they believe and glorify God: in harmony with their Trinitarian faith. The three Persons of the Holy Trinity are not separated, neither are they confused; they exist one in the other (perichoresis); i.e. each one of the divine persons is always within each of the other two. There where the Father is, is also the Son and the Holy Spirit. And wherever the Son is, there also is the Father and the Holy Spirit. Where the Holy Spirit is, there also are the Father and the Son.
 
As we have mentioned, there is only one source which pre-eternally provides the divine essence: the Father. That which has been revealed to us concerning the distinction of the divine persons is the manner in which the divine essence is imparted: to the Son: through pre-eternal generation; the Father pre-eternally begets the Son; to the Holy Spirit: through pre-eternal procession; the Holy Spirit pre-eternally proceeds from the Father.
This divine revelation of the Triune God was given for man's salvation and not in order to satisfy his curiosity. According to the Christian teaching, man was created according to God's image. Knowing therefore that God is a communion of persons, man delves into the knowledge of his own nature; he realizes that he also is not condemned to isolation, but created for communion and love. If God, who is man's archetype, were not Triune, then man could never realize that which he so deeply desires: communion and love. His entire life would be without any release. This is why we declare that our faith in the Holy Trinity constitutes man's only hope: "we have found true faith in worshipping the Trinity undivided; for the Trinity has saved us" epigrammatically states one of the hymns of the Divine Liturgy.
 
In regard to this faith, the Orthodox Christian does not try to convince others with logical arguments so that they will accept it. For should he do so, he is obliged to move about in the field of purely human searching and not on the level of God's revelation.
Addressing himself to the Corinthians, St. Paul underlines: "God has revealed [these things] to us through the Spirit. For the Spirit searches everything, even the depths of God...So also no one comprehends God except the Spirit of God. Now we have received not the spirit of the world, but the Spirit which is from God, that we might understand the gifts bestowed upon us by God. And we impart this in words not taught by human wisdom but taught by the Spirit, interpreting spiritual truths to those who possess the Spirit. The unspiritual man does not receive the gifts of the Spirit of God, for they are folly to him, and he is not able to understand them because they are spiritually discerned. The spiritual man judges all things, but is himself to be judged by no one." (I Cor. 2, 10-15).
 
In unity with the Trinitarian faith the Orthodox Church chants:
"Come, Ο ye peoples, let us worship the Godhead of three Hypostases:
the Son in the Father, with the Holy Spirit; for the Father timelessly begat the Son,
Who is co-eternal and of one throne; and the Holy Spirit was in the Father, glorified with the Son; one Might, one Essence, one Godhead, which we all worship saying:
Holy God,
Who didst create all things through the Son, with the cooperation of the Holy Spirit.
Holy Mighty,
through Whom we have known the Father,
and through Whom the Holy Spirit came to the world.
Holy Immortal, the Comforting Spirit,
Who proceedest from the Father and resteth in the Son. Ο Holy Trinity, glory be to Thee
(the Doxastikon of Pentecost Vespers).

THE ORTHODOX CHURCH
Its Faith, Worship and Life
By: Fr. Anthony Alevizopoulos
PhD. of Theology, PhD. of Philosophy
Translated by Rev. Stephen Avramides
ATHENS 2001

God the Holy Trinity: ‘The Lover of Mankind’

The second session of The Way that was held on 2 September focused on God the Holy Trinity as the ‘Lover of Mankind’. The talk was given by Father Demetrios Bathrellos who began by noting that the doctrine of the Trinity is often seen as confusing and difficult. Yet, the question of God is the single most important question that we can ask, and the answer that we give to it determines our present and our future. Believe in God is difficult for some people today. God does not impose His presence and we need eyes of faith to see Him. Moreover, people also have false ideas of God and so we also need to understand what the Christian Church understands when it speaks of God.
 

The Lord & the saints (click here)

  We believe that there is one God. But God is not impersonal; rather, He is three persons, the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit. These persons are not part of God but are fully God; they are distinct, but never divided from one another.

Therefore from the beginning, in His very being, God is personal and relates in love. He is a God of love, a God of love and communion. It is this love that comes down to us, and in which we are called to share.
The Fathers of the Church and the Ecumenical Councils used the terms ‘nature’ and ‘essence’ to refer to the oneness of God and the terms ‘person’ and ‘hypostasis’ to refer to the persons of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit. The former signifies what somebody is, whereas the latter signifies who somebody is. This fact that the Christian God is a community of persons is just as important as the fact that He is one God.
We can know God because He has revealed Himself out of love. He reveals Himself through creation, through human rationality, and through our conscience. However, our alienation from God has obscured our spiritual vision so that we may find it difficult to ‘see’ God, or even to believe that He exists. 

Therefore God chose to reveal Himself to the people of Israel, even though this was still in a partial way. His final and complete revelation occurred when God the Father sent His Son in the Spirit to become man. We know God in Jesus Christ. No one has access to God the Father except through the Son [cf. John 14:6]. Great efforts have been made by religions and philosophers to conceive God and relate with Him. They are not always fully wrong, but they are at best incomplete, unsatisfactory, and misleading. They mainly represent man’s effort to reach the heavens. But even the most skilful and well-trained human being cannot jump that high.

We know God the Father through His Son Jesus Christ, and Jesus Christ lives and acts in the Church, which Saint Paul call’s the Body of Christ. Through the Holy Spirit He removes our spiritual blindness so that we can see reality as it really is.

Having a reliable knowledge of God is of great importance, for our view of God shapes our own identity. Our knowledge of God is not simply theoretical, but is also a result of our communion and relationship with Him. However, our knowledge of God is not exhaustive and can never be fully expressed in language, and this stops us reducing God to an idol who we can fully understand.

We know that God is love, and this is true not only of the relationship of love that exists between the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, but it is also true of God’s relationship with us. God is the ‘Lover of Mankind’.
Father Bathrellos discussed several characteristics of God’s love. It is a free and creative love that respects our personhood and wants to give us life full of life, joy, peace and love. It is immeasurable and unconditional, totally unselfish and forgiving. He recalled the example of the parable of the Prodigal Son (Luke 15:11-32) which shows us how God always treats us as His children. God’s love is personal, caring and providential, but it also respects our freedom and God does not impose His love on us. It is also a teaching and correcting love and is not devoid of justice. It is a loving justice that permits those who have rejected Him to be separated from Him.

God’s love is humble and sacrificial and we see this in the way He took on human flesh and became what we are in order to make us what He is.
He died on the cross out of love for His executioners too, whom He had forgiven. Yet His perfect and sacrificial love proved eventually victorious. It brought about life. It led to the resurrection and opened the doors of everlasting life to the whole world.

The question can be raised of where God is when we suffer. How can He allow suffering in the world.
Suffering came as a result of misused human freedom and much, although not all, suffering is the result of human freedom. For Christians, God’s involvement in our suffering is that
Jesus Christ suffered and died on the cross. Although He alone was sinless, innocent and holy, He shared our suffering to the full. For our sins He paid the price.

We may experience much suffering, but God is with us when we suffer. We can endure the Cross because we know that God is with us, and ultimately we need to see the Cross in the light of the Resurrection. “Likewise, only in the Kingdom of God will the mystery of human pain and suffering be fully understood and answered.”

 
Icon of the Holy Trinity

The Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic, Greek Orthodox Church in Greenville, South Carolina
The Teachings on the Holy Trinity is the basic theological theme of Pentecost.

How can God be shown in an icon? "God is Spirit" says John. Through the incarnation God " became flesh and dwelt among us, and we beheld His glory, the glory as of the only begotten of the Father, full of grace and truth" (Jn 1:14). The Father, whom none has seen, revealed himself in the Son. Jesus says, "He who has seen me has seen the Father" (Jn 14.9)
Humankind is capable of apprehending a vision of the image of the invisible God because he is created in the "Image of God." The Church Fathers saw the nature of our created image not as something static but as a living relationship. Any vision of God is a personal, immediate knowledge of God between creator and creature. It is of necessity the expression of a loving inward communion that is only possible for the Son and the Father. For us this perfect vision is not possible. The Church holds that the only possible image we have of the incarnate God, is the Son. But he is invisible in his divine nature without beginning even though he came to us as a mortal, born of a virgin mother. So even the image of the Son is only a limited view of God the Father, Son and Holy Spirit. Any image or icon can only point us to what is not seen.

In the Old Testament we had prefiguations of God through the visions of the Prophets of Elias, Isaiah, and Daniel. Among these images that were given to us was the one given to Abraham and recorded by Moses. God appeared to Abraham at the oak of Mambre in the form of three men. This image which has become the main icon of the Holy Trinity is no manifestation of the infinite, but a prophetic vision of this mystery which has been revealed over time though the development of iconography.
The earliest depiction of this event found in Genesis 18 is a 4th century fresco found in the Via Latina Catacomb.It shows Abraham sitting under a tree greeting three youths standing in front of him on a raised platform with his raised hand. To his right is a calf suggesting his yet to come hospitality. The youth represent angels as early depictions of angels were as beardless youths. The three are similar in size and clothed alike. There is not real distinction among them. Clearly this image in an interpretation of this scene from the Old Testament.
We have from the 5th century a magnificent mosaic from the Saint Maria Maggiore in Rome. Abraham greets three youths on his knees. They now have halos or nimbi indicating a radiant light of glory around them. The one in the center is enclosed in a mandorla. Below they sit at a table and Abraham and Sarah are providing them hospitality. There is a bowl in front of the table for washing and on the table are three loaves of bread. Abraham is offering them a whole calf. Again an interpretation of the Biblical event.
Another early mosaic is found in San Vitale, Ravenna. Here one angel is pointing to the calf that Abraham holds and the other points to the bread. The one on the left holds his hand in blessing. This shows a network of relationships. This form remained unchanged for many centuries.

In the Eastern church a new iconographic type appeared around the year 1000. The image contains Abraham and Sarah and the three angels seated at the table. The guests no longer sit side by side but are group around a semicircular table. The middle angel is distinguished from the others and carries a scroll in his left hand while blessing with his right. The nimbus about his head has a cross clearly symbolizing Christ. This type is begun to be referred to as the Holy Trinity and was Christ centered. The image to the right is from a 11th century Greek psalter.
In the 14th century we have the well known iconographer Theophanes the Greek who painted many icons in Russia. He did the iconography in the church of the Transfiguration of Christ in Novgorod. This fresco of the trinity shows the familiar arrangement. The center angel appears more prominent. He bears a cross nimbus and carries along with his staff a large scroll. clearly symbolizing Christ.
In the late Byzantine period another interpretation appeared. An example comes from the Athonite Monastery of Vatopedi. It is more elaborate . The angels sit around a richly decorated table. The central angel has his head turned to the side with the head inclined slightly. His hand is no longer raised in blessing but now makes a gesture towards the vessel in front of him. He still has the cross nimbus. Abraham and Sarah are inserted between the angels with an attitude of reverence. The two side angels have clear gestures. One on the left blesses the table and the one on the right reaches for piece of bread. We also see in the background a house and a tree from the Biblical narrative.
This form is commonly seen in current iconography in the Greek Orthodox Churches. Shown below is a recent copy of this form of icon. Here there is no cross in the nimbus of the central angel and they appear equal in size. The table is clearly a dinning table fixed with food.

Saint Andrew Rublev Icon of the Holy Trinity

These series of icons shown above form the background for the development of one the most famous icons of the Trinity by the Russian iconographer Saint Andrew Rublev. There was no fixed form for the Trinity at the time of Rublev in the 15th century. This left painters freedom in their interpretation. He was aware of the transition from Christ centered icons of the Trinity toward a more theologically correct trinitarian view.
Year 1411 or 1425-27

Type Tempera
Dimensions 142 cm × 114 cm (56 in × 45 in)
Location Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow

Saint Andrew introduced definite changes to the pattern that immediately preceded him. The central angel no longer looks at the beholder but at an angle to the left. The angel on the left and the right cross each other so the center of gravity moves from the central angel to one on the left. The angels are of equal size. He give the central angel clothing characteristic of Christ and makes the clothing of the other two unique. The hand are no longer pointing to objects on the table which is smaller and there is now room only for a chalice in its middle containing the sacrificial lamb. Their gestures do not relate to food as in earlier icons but to one another. They represent three separate distinct persons who in intimate relation with each other.
The angel on the left is clothed in a pale pink cloak with brown and blue-green highlights. The one in the center is clothed in the customary colors of Christ. A dark red robe and blue cloak. The one on the right has a green cloak. The clear and precise colors of the central angel are contrasted with the soft hues of the other two. The colors seem to blend and harmonize unifying the three figures giving them a tranquil joyfulness. Just as in so many other icons, gold indicates the value of the image and draws us into the Kingdom of Heaven. It is as if the entire scene were suffused with light. Fitting because of the subject – no less than God himself – the same God who dwells in light unapproachable, the same God who dwells in the Kingdom of Heaven.
The table no longer looks like a dinning table but is a cube clearly recognizable as an altar with an opening for the relics. The hosts Abraham and Sarah are no longer in the picture. 

He uses the biblical background but relates it to the three figures. The angel on the left is coordinated with the house, the one in the middle with a tree and the one on the right with a rock. These relationships become symbolic.
Over the head of the Father who is on the left is the house of the Father. It is the goal of our journey. It is the beginning and end of our lives. Its roof is golden. Its door is always open for the traveler. It has a tower, and its window is always open so that the Father can incessantly scan the roads for a glimpse of a returning prodigal.
He is vested in a blue undergarment which depicts his divine celestial nature. His fatherly authority is seen in his entire appearance. His head is not bowed and he is looking at the other two angels. His whole demeanor - the expression on his face, the placement of his hands, the way he is sitting - all speaks of his fatherly dignity.

Behind the center angle who symbolizes christ is a great tree that spreads its shade in heat of the day. It is no ordinary tree. It stands above the Son in the picture, and stands above the altar-table where the lamb lies within the chalice. Because of the sacrifice this tree grows. The tree of death has been transformed into a tree of life for us.
The Son has the deepest colors; a thick heavy garment of the reddish-brown of blood earth and a cloak of the blue of heaven. In his person he unites heaven and earth, the two natures are present in him, and over his right shoulder (the Government shall be upon his shoulder) there is a band of gold shot through the earthly garment, as his divinity suffuses and transfigures his earthly being. He is inclined towards the first angel, as though deep in conversation.

The angel on the right symbolizes the Holy Spirit. His green mantle of the Spirit, scintillating with light, is another of Rublev’s achievements. Green belongs to the Spirit because the Spirit is the source of life. On the Feast of Pentecost, Eastern Orthodox churches are decorated with greenery, boughs and branches, and worshippers will wear green clothing. The Orthodox prayer to the Holy Spirit begins, "O Heavenly King, Comforter, the Spirit of Truth, Who art everywhere present and fillest all things, Treasury of blessings and Giver of Life…"
This sense of the Spirit as the source of life, everywhere present, filling all things, contributes to one of the distinct feaatures of Orthodox theology. That is, it is intimately bound up with daily life. There is no such thing as theology which is purely intellectual. If theology doesn't change you, if it doesn’t flood you with light, it’s not worth your time.
 
This icon is appreciated for its simplicity. Saint Andrew was successful at advancing the iconographic tradition of the Church adding depth and bringing greater clarity to a doctrine that is forever mystically clothed.

Henry Nouwen, the great spiritual writer from Notre Dame, notes:
“Andrei Rublev painted this icon not only to share the fruits of his own meditation on the mystery of the Holy Trinity but also to offer his fellow monks a way to keep their hearts centered on God while living in the midst of political unrest. The more we look at this holy image with the eyes of faith, the more we come to realize that is painted not as a lovely decoration for a convent church, nor as a helpful explanation of a difficult doctrine, but as a holy place to enter and stay within. As we place ourselves in front of the icon in prayer, we come to experience a gentle invitation to participate in an intimate table conversation that is taking place between the three divine angels and to join them at the table. The movement from the Father toward the Son and the movement of both Son and Spirit toward the Father become a movement in which the one who prays is lifted up and held secure. Through the contemplation of this icon we come to see with our own inner eyes that all the engagements in this world can bear fruit only when they take place within the divine circle. We can be involved in struggles for justice and actions for peace. We can be part of the ambiguities of family and community life. We can study, teach, write, and hold a regular job. We can do all of this without ever having to leave the house of love… Rublev's icon gives us a glimpse of the house of perfect love.”

Abraham and Sarah from Genesis 18:
"The Lord appeared to Abraham by the oaks of Mamre, as he sat at the entrance of his tent in the heat of the day. He looked up and saw three men/angels standing near him. When he saw them, he ran from the tent entrance to meet them and bowed down to the ground. He said, “My lord, if I find favor with you, do not pass by your servant. Let a little water be brought and wash your feet. Rest yourselves under the tree. Let me bring a little bread, that you may refresh yourselves and after that you may pass on—since you have come to your servant.” So they said, “Do as you have said.” And Abraham hastened into the tent to Sarah and said, Make ready quickly three measures of choice flour, knead it and make cakes.” Abraham ran to the herd and took a calf, tender and good, and gave it to the servant, who hastened to prepare it. Then he took curds and milk and the calf that he had prepared, and set it before them; and he stood by them under the tree while they ate."

Primary reference for the above is The Rublev Trinity by Gabriel Bunge
 

Τετάρτη 3 Ιουνίου 2020

Orthodox Bishops of the USA: Solidarity with those who condemn racism and inequality


 
Terrence Floyd, George Floyd's brother visits the location where his brother was killed, June 1 (photo from here)

 Photo from here

Orthodox Times
St. Simon of Cyrene Orthodox Mission (about)

The Executive Committee of the Assembly of the Canonical Orthodox Bishops of the USA is calling on a moment of silence and solidarity for all victims of racial violence on Wednesday at 12.00, on the occasion of the recent incidents and unrest that are taking place in many American states, due to the murder of George Floyd.
The Orthodox Bishops express their unequivocal solidarity with all those who condemn racism and inequality, “which betray the spirit of democracy in our nation, i.e. ‘one Nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all’.”
As they typically report, “violence is a horrible and tangible manifestation of the reign of sin in our world. It is expressed in many faces, all of which seek to deny the image and likeness of God in each human person, in whom God has placed an irreducible dignity and sacredness.”
“Thus, as Orthodox Hierarchs, we condemn all actions and words that promote hatred and racism, but also all acts of violence and destruction.”



See also

en.Wikipedia / Killing of George Floyd
Orthodox Christian Clergy Against Racism
Racism: An Orthodox Perspective

The Heresy of Racism
Racism (tag)  

Orthodoxy, Torture & death penalty
The Kingdom of Heaven, where racial discrimination has no place
Grace and “the Inverted Pyramid” 

Race and the Fall